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MOVEMENT ↓ WHAT WAS DEMANDED? ↓ DEMAND ↓ HOW WAS IT PURSUED? ↓ METHOD
This map is useful for UPSC questions on:
• Objectives of movements. • Political demands. • Methods of struggle. • Differences between nationalist phases. • Matching movement with technique.
MOVEMENT: Moderate Nationalism ↓
DEMAND: Greater Indian representation + Constitutional reforms + Indianisation of services + Reduction in economic exploitation ↓
METHOD: Petitions + Prayers + Resolutions + Public meetings + Constitutional agitation.
KEY FORMULA:
MODERATES → REFORM → CONSTITUTIONAL METHODS.
MOVEMENT / POLITICAL IDEA: Economic Nationalism ↓
DEMAND: End colonial economic exploitation + Protection of Indian interests + Reduction of wealth drain ↓
METHOD: Economic critique + Statistical analysis + Political writings + Congress resolutions.
KEY FORMULA:
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION → ECONOMIC NATIONALISM → INTELLECTUAL + POLITICAL CRITIQUE.
MOVEMENT: Swadeshi Movement ↓
DEMAND: Reversal of Partition of Bengal + Promotion of Indian economic interests ↓
METHOD: Use of indigenous goods + Boycott of foreign goods + National education + Promotion of indigenous industries.
KEY FORMULA:
SWADESHI → SELF-RELIANCE → USE INDIAN + BOYCOTT FOREIGN.
MOVEMENT: Boycott Movement ↓
DEMAND: Political pressure against colonial policies ↓
METHOD: Refusal to purchase or use:
• Foreign goods. • Selected colonial institutions. ↓
KEY DIFFERENCE:
SWADESHI → Promote Indian goods.
BOYCOTT → Reject foreign goods.
MOVEMENT: Assertive Nationalism ↓
DEMAND: Swaraj + Greater political self-government ↓
METHOD: Swadeshi + Boycott + Passive resistance + Mass political mobilisation.
KEY FORMULA:
ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM → SWARAJ → BOYCOTT + PASSIVE RESISTANCE.
MOVEMENT: Home Rule Movement ↓
DEMAND: Self-government / Home Rule within the British Empire ↓
METHOD: Political education + Public meetings + Lectures + Newspapers + Formation of Home Rule Leagues.
KEY FORMULA:
HOME RULE → SELF-GOVERNMENT → POLITICAL MOBILISATION.
MOVEMENT: Revolutionary Nationalism ↓
DEMAND: End of British rule + National independence ↓
METHOD: Secret societies + Armed resistance + Political assassinations + Bomb attacks + Revolutionary propaganda.
KEY FORMULA:
REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM → INDEPENDENCE → SECRET + ARMED STRUGGLE.
MOVEMENT: Rowlatt Satyagraha, 1919 ↓
DEMAND: Withdrawal of repressive Rowlatt legislation + Protection of civil liberties ↓
METHOD: Satyagraha + Hartals + Peaceful mass protest.
KEY FORMULA:
ROWLATT ACT → CIVIL LIBERTIES → SATYAGRAHA + HARTAL.
MOVEMENT: Khilafat Movement ↓
DEMAND: Protection of the position of the Ottoman Caliph + Redress of perceived injustice after World War I ↓
METHOD: Mass mobilisation + Meetings + Boycott + Political agitation.
KEY FORMULA:
KHILAFAT → CALIPHATE ISSUE → MASS POLITICAL AGITATION.
MOVEMENT: Non-Cooperation Movement ↓
DEMAND: Swaraj + Redress of Khilafat grievances + Response to colonial repression ↓
METHOD: Withdrawal of cooperation from colonial institutions.
Included:
• Boycott of government schools. • Boycott of colleges. • Boycott of law courts. • Surrender of titles. • Boycott of foreign goods.
KEY FORMULA:
NON-COOPERATION → SWARAJ → WITHDRAW COOPERATION.
MOVEMENT / POLITICAL STRATEGY: Swaraj Party ↓
DEMAND: Self-government + Political reform ↓
METHOD: Entry into legislative councils + Obstruction of colonial administration from within.
KEY FORMULA:
SWARAJ PARTY → SELF-GOVERNMENT → ENTER COUNCILS + OBSTRUCT.
MOVEMENT: Bardoli Satyagraha ↓
DEMAND: Withdrawal / reduction of enhanced land revenue assessment ↓
METHOD: Non-payment of revenue + Non-violent collective resistance.
KEY FORMULA:
BARDOLI → REVENUE RELIEF → NO TAX + SATYAGRAHA.
MOVEMENT: Anti-Simon Commission Movement ↓
DEMAND: Indian participation in constitutional reform + Rejection of an all-British Commission ↓
METHOD: Boycott + Public demonstrations + Political protest.
KEY FORMULA:
SIMON COMMISSION → INDIAN REPRESENTATION → BOYCOTT.
MOVEMENT / POLITICAL DECLARATION: Purna Swaraj ↓
DEMAND: Complete Independence ↓
METHOD: Congress resolution + Political mobilisation + Observance of Independence Day.
KEY FORMULA:
PURNA SWARAJ → COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE → POLITICAL DECLARATION + MASS MOBILISATION.
MOVEMENT: Civil Disobedience Movement ↓
DEMAND: Purna Swaraj + End of unjust colonial laws and policies ↓
METHOD: Deliberate violation of colonial laws.
Included:
• Breaking the Salt Law. • Non-payment of selected taxes. • Boycott. • Refusal to obey unjust laws.
KEY FORMULA:
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE → INDEPENDENCE → BREAK UNJUST LAW.
MOVEMENT: Salt Satyagraha ↓
DEMAND: Opposition to colonial monopoly and taxation of salt ↓
METHOD: Breaking the Salt Law + Making salt + Mass civil disobedience.
KEY FORMULA:
SALT SATYAGRAHA → END SALT MONOPOLY → BREAK SALT LAW.
MOVEMENT: Kheda Satyagraha ↓
DEMAND: Suspension / remission of land revenue due to crop failure and distress ↓
METHOD: Collective refusal to pay land revenue + Non-violent resistance.
KEY FORMULA:
KHEDA → REVENUE REMISSION → NO TAX.
MOVEMENT: Champaran Satyagraha ↓
DEMAND: Relief for indigo cultivators + Redress of oppressive plantation practices ↓
METHOD: Investigation of grievances + Satyagraha + Mass mobilisation.
KEY FORMULA:
CHAMPARAN → PEASANT RELIEF → SATYAGRAHA + INVESTIGATION.
MOVEMENT: Ahmedabad Mill Strike ↓
DEMAND: Better wage settlement for mill workers ↓
METHOD: Strike + Non-violent agitation + Gandhi's fast.
KEY FORMULA:
AHMEDABAD → WAGES → STRIKE.
MOVEMENT: Individual Satyagraha, 1940 ↓
DEMAND: Right to freedom of speech + Opposition to India's forced participation in the Second World War ↓
METHOD: Individual, carefully selected Satyagraha against the war policy.
KEY FORMULA:
INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA → FREE SPEECH + ANTI-WAR → INDIVIDUAL NON-VIOLENT PROTEST.
MOVEMENT: Quit India Movement, 1942 ↓
DEMAND: Immediate withdrawal of British rule from India ↓
METHOD: Mass struggle + Hartals + Strikes + Demonstrations + Underground resistance after repression.
KEY FORMULA:
QUIT INDIA → BRITISH LEAVE INDIA → MASS UPRISING.
MOVEMENT: Underground Nationalist Resistance ↓
DEMAND: Continuation of the anti-colonial struggle after arrest of major leaders ↓
METHOD: Secret communication + Underground publications + Clandestine organisation + Sabotage in some regions.
KEY FORMULA:
LEADERS ARRESTED → CONTINUE STRUGGLE → UNDERGROUND NETWORK.
MOVEMENT / POLITICAL CURRENT: Congress Socialist Party ↓
DEMAND: Socialist transformation + Greater attention to workers and peasants ↓
METHOD: Political organisation + Work within the broader Congress movement + Mass mobilisation.
KEY FORMULA:
CSP → SOCIALISM → ORGANISE WORKERS + PEASANTS.
MOVEMENT: Indian National Army ↓
DEMAND: Indian Independence ↓
METHOD: Armed struggle against British colonial rule during the Second World War.
KEY FORMULA:
INA → INDEPENDENCE → ARMED STRUGGLE.
REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM
DEMAND: Independence.
METHOD: Armed struggle.
GANDHIAN SATYAGRAHA
DEMAND: Political rights / Swaraj / Independence.
METHOD: Non-violent resistance.
MODERATE NATIONALISM
DEMAND: Reforms and greater representation.
METHOD: Constitutional agitation.
ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM
DEMAND: Swaraj.
METHOD: Boycott + Swadeshi + Passive Resistance.
Moderate Nationalism → Reforms → Petitions and constitutional methods.
Swadeshi → Self-reliance + anti-partition protest → Use Indian goods + boycott foreign goods.
Assertive Nationalism → Swaraj → Boycott + passive resistance.
Revolutionary Nationalism → Independence → Armed struggle.
Home Rule → Self-government → Leagues + political mobilisation.
Rowlatt Satyagraha → Withdrawal of repressive legislation → Satyagraha + hartals.
Non-Cooperation → Swaraj → Withdrawal from colonial institutions.
Swaraj Party → Self-government → Council entry + obstruction.
Bardoli → Revenue relief → Non-payment + Satyagraha.
Anti-Simon → Indian participation → Boycott + demonstrations.
Purna Swaraj → Complete Independence → Political declaration.
Civil Disobedience → Independence → Breaking unjust laws.
Salt Satyagraha → End colonial salt monopoly → Break Salt Law.
Individual Satyagraha → Free speech + anti-war position → Individual protest.
Quit India → Immediate British withdrawal → Mass uprising + underground resistance.
INA → Independence → Armed struggle.
MOVEMENT ↓ WHAT DID IT WANT? ↓ DEMAND
HOW DID IT FIGHT? ↓ METHOD
EXAMPLE:
NON-COOPERATION ↓ SWARAJ ↓ WITHDRAW COOPERATION.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ↓ INDEPENDENCE ↓ BREAK UNJUST LAWS.
QUIT INDIA ↓ BRITISH WITHDRAWAL ↓ MASS STRUGGLE.
UPSC REVISION RULE:
If the DEMAND and METHOD are mismatched, the statement is likely incorrect.
