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Indian nationalism developed gradually through multiple stages.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING ↓ POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS ↓ INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ↓ MODERATE NATIONALISM ↓ SWADESHI AND ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM ↓ REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM ↓ HOME RULE AND NATIONAL UNITY ↓ GANDHIAN MASS MOVEMENTS ↓ FINAL STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE ↓ INDEPENDENCE, 1947.
1828 → Brahmo Sabha established.
1875 → Arya Samaj established.
1876 → Indian Association formed.
1885 → Indian National Congress established.
1885–1905 → Moderate phase of Congress nationalism.
1905 → Partition of Bengal. → Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
1906 → Calcutta Congress. → Swaraj gains prominence.
1907 → Surat Split.
1908 onwards → Growth of revolutionary nationalism.
1909 → Morley-Minto Reforms. → Separate electorates introduced.
1911 → Partition of Bengal annulled.
1914 → First World War.
1915 → Gandhi returns to India.
1916 → Home Rule Movement. → Lucknow Pact. → Congress reunification.
1917 → Champaran Satyagraha.
1918 → Ahmedabad Mill Strike. → Kheda Satyagraha.
1919 → Rowlatt Act. → Rowlatt Satyagraha. → Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
1920 → Non-Cooperation Movement.
1922 → Chauri Chaura incident. → Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation.
1923 → Swaraj Party formed.
1927 → Simon Commission appointed.
1928 → Simon Commission protests. → Bardoli Satyagraha. → Nehru Report.
1929 → Lahore Session. → Purna Swaraj.
1930 → Civil Disobedience Movement. → Dandi March.
1931 → Gandhi-Irwin Pact. → Karachi Congress Session.
1932 → Communal Award. → Poona Pact.
1934 → Civil Disobedience Movement withdrawn.
1935 → Government of India Act.
1937 → Provincial Elections. → Congress Ministries.
1939 → Second World War. → Congress Ministries resign.
1940 → August Offer. → Individual Satyagraha.
1942 → Cripps Mission. → Quit India Movement.
1943 → Azad Hind Government.
1945 → INA Trials.
1946 → Royal Indian Navy Revolt. → Cabinet Mission.
1947 → Independence and Partition.
EARLY 19TH CENTURY
Major development:
SOCIAL REFORM ↓ MODERN EDUCATION ↓ NEW INTELLECTUAL CLASSES ↓ POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS.
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS:
1828 → Brahmo Sabha.
1829 → Abolition of Sati.
1856 → Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act.
1875 → Arya Samaj.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Social and intellectual awakening contributed to the emergence of:
1836 onwards → Early political associations emerge.
1851 → British Indian Association.
1866 → East India Association.
1870 → Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
1875 → Indian League.
1876 → Indian Association.
1884 → Madras Mahajana Sabha.
1885 → Bombay Presidency Association.
DEVELOPMENT:
LOCAL INTERESTS ↓ REGIONAL POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS ↓ INTER-REGIONAL COOPERATION ↓ ALL-INDIA POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS.
1885
→ Indian National Congress founded.
FIRST SESSION:
Bombay.
FIRST PRESIDENT:
W.C. Bonnerjee.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The Congress provided:
MASTER MAP:
REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ↓ ALL-INDIA PLATFORM ↓ INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ↓ ORGANISED NATIONALISM.
1885–1905
Major characteristics:
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT:
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM.
DRAIN THEORY ↓ CRITIQUE OF COLONIAL EXPLOITATION ↓ POLITICAL NATIONALISM.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The Moderates created:
1905
PARTITION OF BENGAL ↓ SWADESHI MOVEMENT + BOYCOTT ↓ NATIONAL EDUCATION ↓ MASS PARTICIPATION ↓ ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM.
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS:
SIGNIFICANCE:
Swadeshi represented an important transition:
ELITE NATIONALISM ↓ WIDER MASS PARTICIPATION.
1905–1910
IMPORTANT LEADERS:
IMPORTANT IDEAS:
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MODERATES VS ASSERTIVE NATIONALISTS ↓ SURAT SPLIT, 1907.
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
DEVELOPMENT:
Disillusionment with constitutional politics and colonial repression contributed to the growth of revolutionary organisations.
IMPORTANT CENTRES:
BENGAL → Anushilan Samiti. → Jugantar.
MAHARASHTRA → Abhinav Bharat.
PUNJAB AND ABROAD → Ghadar-related revolutionary networks.
LONDON → India House.
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT:
REGIONAL REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS ↓ INTERNATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY NETWORKS ↓ MORE ORGANISED REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM.
1916
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS:
HOME RULE LEAGUES.
LEADERS:
LUCKNOW SESSION, 1916
→ Congress reunification.
LUCKNOW PACT
→ Agreement between Congress and Muslim League.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Renewed:
1915
→ Gandhi returns to India.
1917 → Champaran Satyagraha.
1918 → Ahmedabad Mill Strike.
1918 → Kheda Satyagraha.
EVOLUTION:
LOCAL STRUGGLES ↓ SATYAGRAHA EXPERIMENTS ↓ NATIONAL MASS POLITICS.
1919
ROWLATT ACT ↓ ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA ↓ JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE ↓ NATIONAL OUTRAGE ↓ MASS POLITICAL RADICALISATION.
SIGNIFICANCE:
1919 represented a major turning point in the relationship between the Indian people and the colonial state.
1920–1922
IMPORTANT FEATURES:
END:
1922 → Chauri Chaura incident. → Movement withdrawn.
SIGNIFICANCE:
FIRST MAJOR ALL-INDIA GANDHIAN MASS MOVEMENT.
1922–1929
After withdrawal of Non-Cooperation:
POLITICAL DEBATE ↓ COUNCIL ENTRY VS CONTINUED NON-COOPERATION.
1923 → Swaraj Party formed.
1927 → Simon Commission appointed.
1928 → Nationwide Simon Commission protests. → Nehru Report. → Bardoli Satyagraha.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The period involved both:
CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICS + MASS POLITICAL MOBILISATION.
1929
LAHORE SESSION ↓ PURNA SWARAJ ↓ 26 JANUARY 1930 ↓ INDEPENDENCE DAY OBSERVANCE ↓ CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The nationalist goal moved decisively from:
DOMINION STATUS ↓ COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE.
1930
DANDI MARCH ↓ SALT LAW VIOLATION ↓ CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ↓ NATIONWIDE PARTICIPATION.
1931 → Gandhi-Irwin Pact. → Second Round Table Conference.
1932 → Civil Disobedience resumed.
1934 → Movement withdrawn.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Expanded the challenge to colonial authority through open and organised law-breaking.
1931
KARACHI SESSION
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS:
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS + NATIONAL ECONOMIC PROGRAMME.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Nationalism increasingly connected political freedom with:
1935
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT ↓ PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY.
1937
PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS ↓ CONGRESS MINISTRIES.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Congress acquired important administrative and governmental experience before independence.
1939
SECOND WORLD WAR ↓ CONGRESS OPPOSITION TO UNILATERAL INVOLVEMENT OF INDIA ↓ CONGRESS MINISTRIES RESIGN.
1940 → August Offer. → Individual Satyagraha.
1942 → Cripps Mission.
1942
CRIPPS MISSION FAILURE ↓ QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION ↓ "DO OR DIE" ↓ ARREST OF LEADERS ↓ MASS RESISTANCE + UNDERGROUND ACTIVITIES.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Demonstrated the depth and geographical spread of nationalist resistance.
1943
→ Azad Hind Government.
1945
→ INA Trials.
IMPACT:
INA ↓ PUBLIC SYMPATHY ↓ NATIONALIST MOBILISATION ↓ PRESSURE ON COLONIAL AUTHORITY.
1946
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS:
1947
→ Mountbatten Plan. → Indian Independence Act. → Partition. → Independence.
CHAIN 1 — ORGANISED NATIONALISM
SOCIAL REFORM ↓ POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS ↓ INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ↓ ORGANISED NATIONALISM.
CHAIN 2 — RADICALISATION
MODERATE POLITICS ↓ PARTITION OF BENGAL ↓ SWADESHI ↓ ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM ↓ REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM.
CHAIN 3 — MASS NATIONALISM
HOME RULE ↓ GANDHI'S LOCAL SATYAGRAHAS ↓ ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA ↓ NON-COOPERATION ↓ CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ↓ QUIT INDIA.
CHAIN 4 — FINAL PHASE
WORLD WAR II ↓ QUIT INDIA ↓ INA TRIALS ↓ NAVAL REVOLT ↓ CABINET MISSION ↓ INDEPENDENCE.
1885 → Formation of INC.
1905 → Swadeshi Movement.
1907 → Surat Split.
1916 → Lucknow Pact + Home Rule.
1919 → Jallianwala Bagh and mass radicalisation.
1920 → Non-Cooperation.
1929 → Purna Swaraj.
1930 → Civil Disobedience.
1935 → Government of India Act.
1937 → Congress Ministries.
1942 → Quit India.
1945–46 → INA Trials + Naval Revolt.
1947 → Independence.
SOCIAL REFORM ↓ POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS ↓ INC, 1885 ↓ MODERATE NATIONALISM ↓ SWADESHI, 1905 ↓ SURAT SPLIT, 1907 ↓ REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM ↓ HOME RULE + LUCKNOW, 1916 ↓ GANDHI'S SATYAGRAHAS ↓ ROWLATT + JALLIANWALA, 1919 ↓ NON-COOPERATION, 1920 ↓ SWARAJ PARTY ↓ SIMON COMMISSION ↓ PURNA SWARAJ, 1929 ↓ CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE, 1930 ↓ PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY ↓ WORLD WAR II ↓ QUIT INDIA, 1942 ↓ INA + NAVAL REVOLT ↓ INDEPENDENCE, 1947.
The chronology of nationalist developments demonstrates the gradual transformation of Indian nationalism from social and intellectual awakening and elite constitutional politics into a broad-based mass movement involving Swadeshi, revolutionary nationalism, Gandhian Satyagraha and ultimately a decisive struggle that culminated in independence in 1947.
