Electoral rolls + allocation of seats + constituency-related framework.
❌ RPA 1950 mainly governs conduct of elections.
✅ RPA 1951 primarily deals with conduct of elections.
❌ RPA 1950 decides all election disputes.
✅ Election disputes are mainly governed by RPA 1951.
Conduct of elections + candidates + disqualifications + corrupt practices + election disputes.
Registration of political parties with the Election Commission.
Disqualification on conviction for specified offences.
❌ Section 8(4) still gives special protection to sitting MPs/MLAs.
✅ Former Section 8(4) was struck down in Lily Thomas v. Union of India, 2013.
❌ Election petitions are normally filed directly in Supreme Court.
✅ Election petitions are generally tried by High Courts.
Statutory framework for elections to President and Vice-President.
President:
Electoral college under Article 54.
Vice-President:
Members of both Houses of Parliament.
❌ State Legislative Assembly members elect Vice-President.
✅ They do not.
❌ Nominated MPs participate in Presidential election.
✅ They do not.
✅ Nominated MPs participate in Vice-Presidential election because the electoral college consists of members of both Houses of Parliament.
Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies.
Provides statutory framework for:
Delimitation Commission.
❌ Election Commission itself conducts delimitation.
✅ Delimitation is undertaken through the Delimitation Commission framework.
❌ Delimitation and election are the same process.
✅ Delimitation determines constituency boundaries; elections fill those constituencies.
Full Name:
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
Extension of Panchayati Raj to Scheduled Areas with special safeguards.
❌ PESA is a Constitutional Amendment.
✅ Parliamentary Act.
❌ PESA applies uniformly to all rural areas.
✅ Applies to Scheduled Areas under the constitutional/statutory framework.
❌ PESA created Panchayati Raj.
✅ 73rd Constitutional Amendment created the constitutional Panchayati Raj framework.
Commonly:
MGNREGA.
Legal guarantee of rural wage employment.
❌ MGNREGA is a Fundamental Right.
✅ It is a statutory right.
❌ MGNREGA is implemented only by Union Government officials.
✅ Panchayats and local institutions have important implementation roles.
❌ Social audit is merely an internal departmental audit.
✅ It involves community-based scrutiny.
Transparency + accountability.
RTI is:
A statutory right.
It has strong constitutional links with:
Freedom of speech and expression.
❌ RTI is itself a Fundamental Right created by the Act.
✅ The Act creates a statutory access mechanism; the right to know has constitutional foundations.
❌ RTI allows disclosure of every government document.
✅ Exemptions exist.
❌ Central Information Commission is a constitutional body.
✅ Statutory body.
Commonly:
NFSA.
Food and nutritional security.
❌ NFSA creates a Fundamental Right to food directly in Part III.
✅ It creates statutory entitlements, while right-to-food jurisprudence is also connected to Article 21.
❌ NFSA is implemented only by Union Government.
✅ Implementation involves Union + States.
Commonly:
RTE Act.
Implementation of Article 21A.
❌ RTE Act created Article 21A.
✅ 86th Constitutional Amendment created Article 21A.
❌ Article 21A covers all children below 18.
✅ 6–14 years.
❌ 25% provision is written directly in Article 21A.
✅ It is a statutory provision under RTE Act.
Anti-corruption ombudsman framework.
❌ Lokpal is a constitutional body.
✅ Statutory.
❌ Lokpal and CVC are the same institution.
✅ They are separate statutory institutions.
Vigilance and anti-corruption.
The Act gives statutory status to:
Central Vigilance Commission.
❌ CVC is constitutional.
✅ Statutory.
Criminal law against corruption.
Amended significantly in:
❌ Prevention of Corruption Act creates Lokpal.
✅ Lokpal is under separate 2013 legislation.
Human-rights protection institutions.
Provides statutory framework for:
❌ NHRC is a constitutional body.
✅ Statutory body.
Protection from caste/tribe-based atrocities.
❌ It merely repeats Article 17.
✅ It provides detailed statutory criminal protections and procedures.
Enforcement of Article 17.
Addresses:
Practices arising from untouchability prohibited by the Constitution.
❌ Article 17 was created by the Act.
✅ Article 17 is constitutional; the Act provides statutory enforcement.
Equality, accessibility and inclusion.
Key ideas:
❌ Disability rights are only welfare benefits.
✅ Modern framework is rights-based.
Equality, dignity and protection from discrimination.
❌ Constitutional recognition of transgender rights began with this Act.
✅ NALSA judgment, 2014 was a major constitutional milestone; the Act is subsequent statutory legislation.
Commonly:
UAPA.
National security + unlawful activities + terrorism-related framework.
❌ UAPA completely overrides Fundamental Rights.
✅ Its provisions remain subject to constitutional scrutiny.
❌ UAPA is a preventive-detention law.
✅ It is primarily an anti-unlawful-activities/terrorism-related law; NSA is the classic preventive-detention statute.
Commonly:
NSA.
Preventive detention.
Article 22.
❌ Preventive detention is unconstitutional.
✅ Constitution expressly recognises preventive detention subject to safeguards.
❌ NSA is the same as UAPA.
✅ Different laws with different purposes.
Commonly:
FCRA.
Regulation of foreign contributions.
Can affect:
❌ FCRA prohibits all foreign funding.
✅ It regulates acceptance and utilisation subject to statutory conditions.
Cyber law + electronic governance.
Provides framework for:
Section 66A was struck down in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, 2015.
❌ Section 66A is still an operative offence.
✅ Struck down by Supreme Court.
Digital personal data governance.
Closely connected with:
Right to privacy under Article 21.
The constitutional privacy foundation is:
K.S. Puttaswamy, 2017.
❌ DPDP Act itself creates the Fundamental Right to privacy.
✅ Privacy is constitutionally recognised; the Act regulates digital personal-data processing.
Preservation of religious character of places of worship.
Broadly seeks to preserve the character of places of worship as it existed on:
15 August 1947.
❌ It applies without exceptions.
✅ The Act contains statutory exceptions.
Abolition of bonded labour.
Article 23.
❌ Article 23 applies only to State action.
✅ Article 23 has significant horizontal application against trafficking and forced labour.
The:
Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,
as amended, provides statutory protection relating to:
Child labour and employment of adolescents.
Article 24.
❌ Article 24 prohibits every form of employment of every person below 18.
✅ Article 24 has a specific constitutional formulation concerning children below 14 in factories, mines and hazardous employment.
Broad environmental regulatory framework.
Provides extensive powers for:
Article 21 environmental jurisprudence.
Water-pollution control.
Creates framework involving:
Central and State Pollution Control Boards.
Air-pollution control.
Provides regulatory framework through:
Pollution Control Boards.
Specialised environmental adjudication.
National Green Tribunal.
❌ NGT is a constitutional body.
✅ Statutory body.
Conservation + sustainable use + benefit sharing.
❌ Biodiversity governance is only at Union level.
✅ Multi-level institutional framework.
Disaster governance.
Moves governance beyond:
Relief
towards:
Prevention + mitigation + preparedness + response + recovery.
Integrated federal administration.
Provides statutory framework for:
All India Services.
Examples:
❌ IAS and IPS are ordinary State civil services.
✅ They are All India Services.
Cooperatives operating across more than one State.
❌ All cooperatives are regulated identically.
✅ State cooperatives and multi-State cooperatives have different regulatory frameworks.
Urban livelihoods + participatory urban regulation.
Provides for:
Town Vending Committees.
Links:
Livelihood protection + urban planning.
Full Name:
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
Land acquisition + compensation + rehabilitation + transparency.
Provides safeguards for:
❌ LARR is only a land-records law.
✅ It primarily regulates land acquisition and associated compensation/rehabilitation.
✅ Panchayats.
❌ Not an ordinary Panchayat Act.
✅ Municipalities.
❌ Not a normal Municipal Act.
✅ Article 21A.
✅ Implements Article 21A.
✅ Constitutional GST framework.
✅ Statutory implementation.
Statutory right.
Statutory Act implementing Fundamental Right.
Statutory employment guarantee.
Statutory body.
Statutory body.
Statutory body.
Statutory body.
Constitutional authority.
Constitutional authority.
Parliamentary Act.
Constitutional Amendments.
1950 → RPA 1950.
1951 → RPA 1951.
1952 → President/VP Elections Act.
1955 → Protection of Civil Rights Act.
1967 → UAPA.
1974 → Water Act.
1976 → Bonded Labour Act.
1980 → NSA.
1981 → Air Act.
1986 → Environment Protection Act.
1989 → SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act.
1991 → Places of Worship Act.
1993 → Human Rights Act.
1996 → PESA.
2000 → IT Act.
2002 → Biological Diversity Act.
2005 → RTI + MGNREGA + Disaster Management.
2009 → RTE.
2010 → FCRA + NGT.
2013 → Lokpal + NFSA + LARR.
2016 → RPwD.
2019 → Transgender Persons Act.
2023 → DPDP Act.
→ Equality.
→ Untouchability.
→ Freedoms.
→ Life + liberty + privacy jurisprudence.
→ Education 6–14.
→ Trafficking + forced labour.
→ Child labour in constitutional terms.
→ Religion.
→ Cultural/minority educational rights.
Protection of Civil Rights Act → Article 17.
Bonded Labour Act → Article 23.
Child Labour legislation → Article 24.
RTE Act → Article 21A.
DPDP Act → Article 21/privacy.
RPwD Act → Article 14/15/21.
Transgender Persons Act → Articles 14/15/16/21.
RTI → Transparency.
Lokpal → Anti-corruption.
CVC → Vigilance.
MGNREGA → Employment.
NFSA → Food.
RTE → Education.
PESA → Tribal self-governance.
FRA → Forest rights.
DM Act → Disaster governance.
EPA → Environment.
NGT Act → Environmental adjudication.
RPA 1950 → Rolls.
RPA 1951 → Conduct.
RTI → Information.
Lokpal → Corruption.
CVC → Vigilance.
MGNREGA → Employment.
RTE → Education.
NFSA → Food.
PCR Act → Untouchability.
SC/ST PoA Act → Atrocities.
RPwD Act → Disability.
Transgender Persons Act → Gender identity/dignity.
UAPA → Unlawful activities/terrorism.
NSA → Preventive detention.
FCRA → Foreign contribution.
Water Act → Water.
Air Act → Air.
EPA → Environment.
NGT Act → Environmental adjudication.
Biodiversity Act → Biodiversity.
PESA → Scheduled Areas.
FRA → Forest rights.
Street Vendors Act → Urban livelihoods.
When an option mentions:
"Constitutional body"
check whether the body is actually created by the Constitution.
When it says:
"Statutory body"
check whether Parliament/State Legislature created it by law.
When it says:
"Fundamental Right"
check whether the right exists in Part III.
When it says:
"Act"
check whether the provision comes from legislation rather than a Constitutional Amendment.
Constitution ≠ Constitutional Amendment ≠ Parliamentary Act ≠ Rules ≠ ECI Order.
